Taxes Should Go Up for the Upper Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taxes Should Go Up for the Upper Class - Essay Example Higher taxes should be imposed on the higher income group. According to Monsebraaten in her article which appeared on the Toronto Star, she cited the president of TD Bank, Ed Clark, to aver that â€Å"as the country emerges from recession, Ottawa should consider cutting taxes for low-income Canadians who are being hit by both economic restructuring and an inequitable tax system that "discourages people from participating in the workforce". As evaluated, higher taxes to be imposed even in low-income earners would discourage people from joining the workforce and thereby preclude the government from generating individual income taxes. This was corroborated by La Follete, who, in his article entitled â€Å"Taxes Should be Higher – but fewer and direct†, indicated that â€Å"taxes should be levied in proportion to the ability of the taxpayer to carry the burden. Graduated income and estate taxes are based upon this sound principle†.... This was corroborated by La Follete (1938), who, in his article entitled â€Å"Taxes Should be Higher – but fewer and direct†, indicated that â€Å"taxes should be levied in proportion to the ability of the taxpayer to carry the burden. Graduated income and estate taxes are based upon this sound principle† (La Follette, 1938, p. 23). In a closer look at the components of earnings being subjected to taxes, Kuhnhenn (2012) disclosed that the proposal from presidential contender, Mitt Romney, indicated that a tax cap on deductions must be explicitly set to $17,000 to prevent higher income earners to present large amounts of expenses to be deductable from their taxable amounts. As averred, â€Å"Mitt Romney's idea to impose a $17,000 limit on taxpayer deductions would hit hardest on wealthy Americans, who make the most use of deductions to reduce their tax burden†¦ Roberton Williams of the Tax Policy Center said higher income taxpayers are much more likely to i temize their deductions than lower income taxpayers. "So right away this is going to affect people at the top end more than at the bottom," he said† (Kuhnhenn, 2012, pars. 1 & 10). The effect is still higher tax revenues to be generated from the higher income group, who have the greatest potentials to earn from a variety of sources; therefore, it validly supports imposing higher taxes to the upper class group. Another point of contention that supports imposing higher taxes on the upper class is the inverted pyramid structure of income distribution. As emphasized by La Follette (1938), â€Å"the distribution of income among the people may be represented by the familiar figure of a pyramid. At the top are a few millionaires. At the bottom are the multitudes of people who have

Aung San Suu Kyi Essay Example for Free

Aung San Suu Kyi Essay Aung San Suu Kyi MP AC (Burmese: ; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and General Secretary of the National League for Democracy (NLD) in Burma. In the 1990 general election, the NLD won 59% of the national votes and 81% (392 of 485) of the seats in Parliament. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She remained under house arrest in Burma for almost 15 of the 21 years from 20 July 1989 until her most recent release on 13 November 2010, becoming one of the worlds most prominent (now former) political prisoners. Childhood and Education Aung San Suu Kyi was born on 19 June, 1945 in Rangoon, capital city of Myanmar (then Burma). Her father, Aung San, was the architect of Burma’s independence. He founded the modern Burmese army and negotiated Burmas independence from the British Empire in 1947. He was, however, assassinated by his rivals in the same year when Suu Kyi was barely two years old.. Her mother Daw Khin Kyi was working in the External Affairs Ministry and was appointed Myanmars ambassador to India in 1960. Aung San Suu Kyi completed her basic education at schools in Rangoon and moved to India following her mother’s appointment as Myanmar’s envoy to India in 1960. Suu Kyi continued her studies in India. She graduated from Lady Shri Ram College, New Delhi in 1964. After graduating she went to Oxford University for further studies and completed her BA in philosophy, politics, and economics at St. Hughs College, Oxford University in 1967. Political beginningsCoincident with Aung San Suu Kyis return to Burma in 1988, the long-time military leader of Burma and head of the ruling party, General Ne Win, stepped down. Mass demonstrations for democracy followed that event on 8 August 1988 (8–8–88, a day seen as auspicious), which were violently suppressed in what came to be known as the 8888 Uprising. On 26 August 1988, she addressed half a million people at a mass rally in front of the Shwedagon Pagoda in the capital, calling for a democratic government. [26] However in September, a new military junta took power. Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991. Aung San Suu Kyi has been placed under house arrest for 15 of the past 21 years, on different occasions, since she began her political career,[44] during which time she was prevented from meeting her party supporters and international visitors. On the evening of 13 November 2010, Aung San Suu Kyi was released from house arrest. On 1 April 2012, Suu Kyi had won the vote for a seat in Parliament, as well as her partys victory in 43 of the 45 contested seats, officially making Suu Kyi the Leader of the Opposition in the lower house.

Folklores Influence Towards Modern Texts English Literature Essay

Folklores Influence Towards Modern Texts English Literature Essay Stories are the earliest form of literature. It has taken its birth with the birth of man. In india jataka tales Panchtantra and kathasarita sagra are the earliest collection of stories. Story tradition in india,Egypt,china and Greece is ealiest form of literature. Origin of folktales is traced back to vedic Akhayanas.Atharvveda is collection of superstitions,folkbeliefs and rituals of man.Jataka tales are earliest form of folk tales.These jataka tales have their own importance,since they serve as a lense to the past and enable one to view clearly working of contemporary society.A systematic survey of jataka takles provide us a picture of by-gone days.Each of these stories conveys a lesson in one way or other whi ch could serve the society in multifarious ways.Jataka tales consist of ideas of Lord Budhha.Buddha while narrating jataka tales had brought out the realities of life which were useful not in the past but also in the present time.These tales are mostly in Pali.Customs,tradit ions and religious beliefs of various Hindus are reflected in folk tales.Specific times and places have given folktales a local coloring.The term Folklore was firdt introduced by William THOMS IN 1846.The term folk refers to any group of people who shares a commen factor of language,occupation or religion. Folklore is transmitted ffrom individual to individual.Folktales were produced by people in the past and today they exist in small part survivals.Folklore is about the traditional beliefs and story of a community. Since hundered years ago,the science of folklore has revolutionized our attitude towards such texts.Now we know the importance of folklore and we know no longer regard it having relation to mythology.According to some people folklore and mythology should not be separated.The dichotomy took hold in European circles when some of the anthropologist under the influence of Ellen Harrison and Lord raglan discovered a theory both myth and rituals are linked to each other.On the other folktales and folktales were not expected to have any relation with ritual.Folktales are traced back to the vedic ages.Now there are Brahamanas whi ch are Sanskrit texts composed by priests to explain the purpose of vedic rituals.This is their universal agenda and every line shows references to vedic sacrifice.There are some flaws in this argument which arises from distinction between myth and folktales,the distinction between the Great and the Little tradition and false supposition that myth is always associat ed with rituals.Ananda k .kumaraswamy says that the content of folklore is metaphysical. The one thing one could do is to make a sequence of stories all along the line with some more folk then myth and reversal.But to do this ,one has to associate folk with tales that deals primarily with human problems and there is minimum intervention of supernatural .While myth would deal with supernatural problems.It is useful to distinguish between stories having different emphasis in JAIMINIYA and it is also not wise to say that folktales are not myths.They are myths with a non supernatural bent.They are stories about families and problems created before us by human society. It can also be established that the Brahmanas are regarded as the private property of elite textualists who ever lived are infact undistinguishable from the stori es collected by the BrotherS Grimm in german farmhouses.So it is not easy to separate the folk material form classical material .Since these stories in JAIMINIYA were written by priest in Sanskrit and therefore regarded as part of The Great tradition.These prejudice is prevalent even when we know that folk material there is written in Sanskrit words such as Hitopadesa and Panchtantra .Because of their secularity they are regarded as folk tales ,the sacred Brahmanas could not descend the level Marchen,falling suddenly from myth to folktale.There are certain portion of Jaiminiya dealing with myths..The cosmic stories of the Gods and the Godesses , the creation of the world ,and origin of death ,all of them are well known,There are some stories which are about the sacrifice ,they are about the shadowsof sacrifice obscured in r ituals but illuminated by narrations,The sacrifice in these tales have so many myths ssociated with it as clear from allusions in Rigveda. We can locate folktales in space but not in particular time.We can specify the era or the age of the tales.Take an example of Danga-66G sqmile are in Gujarat.It is inhabited by many communities that modern Indian government would classify as Scheduled tribe.Goth was the word used in Dang for stories,narrative or account.There are so many stories of Dangis pasts such as ;Juni goth,Mohorni goth,padunchi goth.There is also a contrast being shown by Fabian of the coevalness of imperialism and anthroplology.There are two major events in which Dangis frame their past are moglai and mandini.Moglai is the time when Dangis moved in forests .Mandini marks the end of moglai.Mandini is associated with british rule over region.It shows the distinction between premodern and modern.Moglai is identified with pre-colonial and mandini is associated with british rule.History of Dangs on Gujarat deals with pre-colonialism and post colonialism .Most of the tales in Gujarat have tangential relations of pa st or present.Khari goth or true stories sustain to claim to time and space whereas imaginary goth come at margins of khari goth.Old men and women in their old age might often tell children other stories of their youth,stories which they learned from the vadils which leads to customs.There are so many things in folktales which are treated as customs now a days.In the story of Vermilion and marriage ,there are four members of tribe who were fast friends since boyhood.One of them was a hawked vermilion,another a weaver ,third took to wood carving and fourth was a goldsmith.Once they decided to spend night in a mango orchard.One was still awake,other three were sleeping.The wood carver was sitting idle ,he took a log of wood and chiselled it into a female figure.The goldsmith made a gold chain , pair of earrings and bangles for her.The waever wove a sari for female figure.The vermilion hawker anointed her head with vermilion just at day break.The four friends started quarreling as to who should marry the girl.A holy man heard their voices and said ,he who made her is her father ,he who clothed her is her elder brother,he who gave ornaments is her uncle,he who brought her to life and put vermilion on her forehead is her husband .And the woman became the wife of hawker.These customs are still prevalent in society.Applying vermilion on the forehead of a girl means that she is married to the boy who does so.Th e story tries to preserve tradition.It also reveals that fighting for a girl is commen practice in Indian society.It also supports the proverb one who posseses skills can not sit idle.The four friends were endowed with skill,rather than sitting idle.They preferred to work at night and could also enjoy enjoy the fruits of their labour. By the study of anthropological studies ,it is clearly visible that folklore deals with one branch of anthropology named cultural anthropology.Bascom,professor of anthropology at the university of California at Berkeley is aware of depending on oral transmission. According to Utleys concept of folk literature he says that Bascom tends to make verbal art as boundary of folklore.which includes (myth,folktales and legends),but not folk dance,medicine and folk belief(superstition).Bascom also says that the text of ballads and other songs are folklore but the music of ballads and other songs are not.The folklore is linked with social science and humanities.Literary and anthropological approaches to folklore are clearly essential and ecomplementary.Each one has its own separate methods and ideology rather working on commen areas of interest.Cultural anthropology is referred to known as social anthropology.Anthropology is also associated with folklore.Archaeology is not directly related to folklore but it provides information about past developments.Linguistics in some way is related to folklore because they shared a commen verbal art.Any ethnographic study witout folkloreis partially and incomplete description of culture.Morever folklore sanctions and validates the social.religious and economic institutions .It also plays an important role in transferring this institution from generation to generation. Culture is a great part of anthropology today.It consist of any kind of behavior acquired through learning.Under it anthropologists include all customs,traditions together with their methods of production.According to Dr. Gustav klemm of Dresdon from his collections of facts of history,he termed culture as including customs ,information and skills domestic and public life is peace and war religion science and art and saysit is manifest on branch of tree of deliberately shape,in the rubbing of sticks to make fire,the cremation of a deceased,father corpse the decorative painting of once body,the transmission of past experience to new generation.Folklore is studied in anthropology,because it is part of culture.It is a part of tradition,customs,a part of heritage.Many folktales were rejected because they did not fill the recognized need of accepted patterns or tradition of folklore.Folktales are dyanamic that changes with needs of society.The folk element in folklore presents no new prob lems as anthropologist sees it.There are various questions on who invwnted various themes of folktales,how they have reworked in the past and how the previous variation have influenced the product of any given story teller or writer.Since any cultural law have taken hold on folklore,the data collection of folklore used to bute testify the ideology of culture.The accepted theories of culture can thus contribute to theory of folklore. The theory of cultural evolution developed by Tyler,Morgan and other remains a point of contention between anthropologists and folklorists.This theory was accepted by scholars of latter half of nineteenth century and developed and described by the scholars of 20th century.Folklorists have defined folklore that folklore have survived from earlier stage of civilization as the shadowy remnants of ancient religious rites still incorporated in the lives of illeterates and rustics.Analyzation of theory of cultural evolution shows that it was based on certain ideologies which were never proved and in some cased later on have been disapproved.We can not search the ultimate origin of folklore by evolution and age-area concept because archaeological evidences and historical documents are lacking.If we try to reconstruct history on restricted side ,it can give result only in terms of probability than proven facts.Change in folktales can be studied perfectly in process rather than reconstruction s based in deistribution.When Cushing some sixty five years ago had the forsight to record the Italian tale of the cock and the mouseas told by juni informant.The companion of the juni variants spotlights many juni stylistic features and serves only to showwhat transformation the original in underwent in such a brief period and how well it has ben adopted to juni environment and mode thought,but also to give a glimpse of Indian method of folktale making.Through the examples of changing forms in folktales,we can learn about freedom give to the narrator in various forms of folktales in various societies.Anthropologists are anxious about the place,native society and social settings of folklore.One cannot establish these facts from text of tales alone,yet without them one can only have idea about nature of folklore and its full meaning.There is a relation between folktales and culture from two points of view.The first in which folktales represents culture by means if rituals and beliefs but sometime folktales can do thingswhich are regarded as shocking in daily life.Take one example old man Coyote has intercourse with his mother in law.Where as in ordinary life the American Indian who finds amusement in these tales must observe strict mother in law avoidance.Since the time of Euhemerous,folklorist have made efforts to explain distinction between folklore and actual conduct.The function of amusing state of mind can not only serve as a complete answer,it is clear that beneath these deal of humour,lies a deeper meaning and that folklore serves as psychological escape from many repressions not only sexual which society imposes upon individual.Apart from their entertainment,folktales provide us a clear view of present and past tradition and culture of the origin,how they originate.Bihar is one of important states in India with rich folklore tradition Panchtantra is one of the most important collection of stories in India.Folktales generally revolve around social mythol ogical and social concepts.It depicts horror situations and wicked evil spirits are some of the commen elements of folklore.Inspite of different varities the folkales of various regions shows a common pattern.Stories of origin of mankind are told through out the world.These are some oral messages which are always found in folktales as :1)Good will triumph and evil will be punished .2)True always come to light. 3)A friend in need is a friend indeed.4)Might makes right. Folk tales preserves social traditions and social taboos.

Abortion: More Harm than Good Essay -- The Right to Life, Pro-Life Essa

In today's society abortion is getting more notice then ever. After the president banned partial birth abortion controversy arose from all sides of the table and has been since Roe v. Wade. Many women today feel as if they should have the right to chose either to bring life into this world or not. These women feel as if abortion will give them a sense of relief. What many of these pro-choicers don't realize is that abortion causes more destruction then relief. Mothers who chose to abort their baby don't realize the post abortion destruction aborting has. These Mothers see it as relief from having to give birth to an unwanted child. Yes, if women have an abortion she will not have to bring an unwanted baby into the world, but is it really a relief? Abortion brings along with it many destructive packages. Packages of murder, emotional and psychological effects along with medical problems. So, Now your thinking Abortion isn't murder, the baby is not even born yet. Well Abortion is murder. An innocent human life is brutally murdered every 22 seconds in the United States. That is a lot of babies being killed every day, and that's just in the United States. At a senate Judiciary subcommittee in 1981 the hearing was about "When does a human life begin." Appearing at this committee was a group of internationally known geneticists and biologists. Dr. Hymie Gordon along with all the others in the group agreed that " by all criteria of modern molecular biology life is present from the moment of conception" (Dr. Hymie Gordon) Former abortionist David Brewer M.D says, " My heart callous agai... ...d from rape or incest. Those giving an opinion 90 percent said they would discourage other victims of sexual violence from having an abortion"(Reardon, Victims and Victors) Among the women in the survey who had a baby, not one expressed regret about her choice. A woman who was a victim of sexual violence says, " What rape takes away from a women abortion can not restore." In today's world abortion is looked upon as a relief mechanism. Young women turn to abortion to escape the responsibility of their actions or from the actions forced upon them. In the long run abortion does nothing but cause destruction not only to the unborn baby but also to the aborting mother. Abortion causes more destruction than relief.

Decision-Making Approaches Essay

There are many decision-making approaches and they all depend on the situation that the decision maker(s) is in. In the second case where there are infection cases in a certain hospital, the duty of the administration is to make a decision that makes sure the problem subsides. One of the main approaches that the management can use in such a case is the vision-led approach. The vision of a company is one of the best tools to show what the organization stands for. The vision also shows the core values of the hospital. If one of the nurses does not act according to the core values of the organization, they ought to take action. This approach involves the administration calling the nurses and pointing out the issues. The organization then relays the mission, vision and core values of the hospital and acts according to what they stipulate (Jones & Beck, 1996). The second approach is the consensus-led decision approach. In this method, the stakeholders, management and nurses sit down and look for ways to come up with solutions. In this kind of approach, every person has a chance to propose solutions and they all take votes to choose the most viable one. Explain why this decision is better made by a group rather than by an individual. A decision is best made by a group than an individual because the group raises issues that the individuals may not have known. The group also feels involved and they make sure that they implement the proposed solution. This approach makes sure that there is a collaboration from all the members of the hospital. In this style of decision-making, the nurses and workers also get to know the gravity of the situation and they are involved. The workers also give information on what is happening in the departments. Discuss the  advantages and disadvantages of the group decision-making process for this scenario. Consensus or collaborative decision-making has many advantages and they are the reason why it is the best approach in this scenario (Chong & Benli, 2005). A consensus group is a stronger than a group of one because it is committed to finding concrete solutions. When people come together with one mission, they do better than an individual. In a consensus group, the hospital has more information, ideas and suggestions. Some of the ideas are viable and they are ideas that people can follow and live with. A group comes up with creative solutions. For example, in this scenario, the administration may have the idea of getting rid of some nurses while there may be better ideas like increasing cleanliness and sanitation. Consensus is amicable and it makes people like they are part of a team. When people feel valuable and part of a group, they make sure that they work hard to fulfill the things that the group set put to do. This decision-making approach is applicable to many types of situations (Yearwood & Stranieri, 2012). In conclusion, the disadvantage of consensus is that it takes a lot of time. If a person or group is trying to make a hasty decision, this is not the best approach because it involves gathering everybody, listening to opinions and then voting for the best decisions. If there are two great ideas, it takes time to decide what the better ideas is. This method does not work for large numbers of people. There is the likelihood of many people disagreeing with the decision. References Chong, P., & Benli, Ãâ€". (2005). Consensus in team decision making involving resource allocation. Management Decision, 43(9), 1147-1160. Doi: 10.1108/00251740510626245 Jones, R., & Beck, S. (1996). Decision-making in nursing. Albany: Delmar Publishers. Yearwood, J., & Stranieri, A. (2012). Approaches for community decision-making and collective reasoning. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.

Free Essays on WEB

Two great leaders of the black community in the late 19th and 20th century were W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington. However, they sharply disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress. Their opposing philosophies can be found in much of today's discussions over how to end class and racial injustice, what is the role of black leadership, and what do the 'haves' owe the 'have-nots' in the black community. Booker T. Washington, educator, reformer and the most influentional black leader of his time (1856-1915) preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise and thrift. This, he said, would win the respect of whites and lead to African Americans being fully accepted as citizens and integrated into all strata of society. W.E.B. DuBois, a towering black intellectual, scholar and political thinker (1868-1963) said noWashington's strategy would serve only to perpetuate white oppression. DuBois advocated political action and a civil rights agenda (he helped found the NAACP). In addition, he argued that social change could be accomplished by developing the small group of college-educated blacks he called "the Talented Tenth:" "The Negro Race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education then, among Negroes, must first of all deal with the "Talented Tenth." It is the problem of developing the best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the worst." At the time, the Washington/DuBois dispute polarized African American leaders into two wingsthe 'conservative' supporters of Washington and his 'radical' critics. The DuBois philosophy of agitation... Free Essays on WEB Free Essays on WEB Two great leaders of the black community in the late 19th and 20th century were W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington. However, they sharply disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress. Their opposing philosophies can be found in much of today's discussions over how to end class and racial injustice, what is the role of black leadership, and what do the 'haves' owe the 'have-nots' in the black community. Booker T. Washington, educator, reformer and the most influentional black leader of his time (1856-1915) preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity and accommodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise and thrift. This, he said, would win the respect of whites and lead to African Americans being fully accepted as citizens and integrated into all strata of society. W.E.B. DuBois, a towering black intellectual, scholar and political thinker (1868-1963) said noWashington's strategy would serve only to perpetuate white oppression. DuBois advocated political action and a civil rights agenda (he helped found the NAACP). In addition, he argued that social change could be accomplished by developing the small group of college-educated blacks he called "the Talented Tenth:" "The Negro Race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education then, among Negroes, must first of all deal with the "Talented Tenth." It is the problem of developing the best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the worst." At the time, the Washington/DuBois dispute polarized African American leaders into two wingsthe 'conservative' supporters of Washington and his 'radical' critics. The DuBois philosophy of agitation...

Bach Sonatas and Partitas Essays

Bach Sonatas and Partitas Essays Bach Sonatas and Partitas Essay Bach Sonatas and Partitas Essay Sonatas and partitas for solo violin (Bach) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia First Sonata for Solo Violin: Adagio (Autograph 1720) The Sonatas and Partitas for solo violin (BWV 1001–1006) are a set of six works composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. They consist of three sonatas da chiesa, in four movements, and three partitas, in dance-form movements. The set was completed by 1720, but was only published in 1802 by Nicolaus Simrock in Bonn. Even after publication, it was largely ignored until the celebrated violinist Josef Joachim started performing these works. Today, Bachs Sonatas and Partitas are an essential part of the violin repertoire, and they are frequently performed and recorded. The Sei Solo – a violino senza Basso accompagnato, as Bach titled them, firmly established the technical capability of the violin as a solo instrument. The pieces often served as an archetype for solo violin pieces for the following generations of composers including Eugene Ysaye, Bela Bartok, and Paul Hindemith. * | [edit] History of composition Bach started composing these works around 1703, while at Weimar, and the set was completed by 1720, when Bach was a Kapellmeister in Kothen. 1] He was almost certainly inspired by Johann Paul von Westhoffs partitas for solo violin, since he worked alongside Westhoff at Weimar, and the older composers pieces share some stylistic similarities with Bachs. Solo violin repertoire was actively growing at the time: Heinrich Ignaz Bibers celebrated solo passacaglia appeared c. 1676, Westhoffs collections of solo vi olin music were published in 1682 and 1696, Johann Joseph Vilsmayrs Artificiosus Concentus pro Camera in 1715, and finally, Johann Georg Pisendels solo violin sonata was composed around 1716. The tradition of writing for solo violin did not die after Bach, either; Georg Philipp Telemann published 12 Fantasias for solo violin in 1735. The tradition of polyphonic violin writing was already well-developed in Germany, particularly by Biber, Johann Heinrich Schmelzer, and the composers of the so-called Dresden school Johann Jakob Walther and Westhoff. Bachs Weimar and Kothen periods were particularly suitable times for composition of secular music, for he worked as a court musician. Bachs cello and orchestral suites date from the Kothen period, as well as the famous Brandenburg concertos and many other well-known collections of instrumental music. It is not known whether Bachs works were performed during his lifetime or, if they were, who the performer was. Johann Georg Pisendel and Jean-Baptiste Volumier, both talented violinists in the Dresden court, have been suggested as possible performers, as was Joseph Speiss, leader of the orchestra in Kothen. Friedrich Wilhelm Rust, who would later become part of the Bach family circle in Leipzig, also became a likely candidate. 2] Bach himself also possibly gave the first performance. According to his son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, in his youth, and until the approach of old age, he played the violin cleanly and powerfully. [edit] Manuscripts and major editions Upon Bachs death in 1750, the original manuscript passed into the possession, possibly through his second wife Anna Magdalena, of Johann Christoph Friedrich Bac h. It was inherited by the last male descendant of J. C. F. Bach, Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst, who passed it on to his sister Louisa of Buckeburg. It was discovered by Georg Polschau in St. Petersburg, under a pile of old music about to be used as wrapping paper. The manuscript itself was in poor condition and parts of the D minor Partita had been torn out. Two other manuscripts were also known to exist. One, identified as an authentic Bach autograph from his Leipzig period, was also acquired by Polschau from the Royal Library of Berlin. The other, a copy made by one of Bachs students Johann Peter Kellner, was well preserved, despite the fact that the B minor Partita was missing from the set. All three manuscripts have been in the possession of the Bach Gesellschaft since 1879, through the efforts of Alfred Dorffel. Three original editions are also known to have been published. The first edition was printed in 1802 by Nicolaus Simrock of Bonn. It was followed by the 1843 Ferdinand David edition released by Friedrich Kistner of Leipzig, which included Bachs original manuscript on a separate stave below the edited version. Lastly, there was Robert Schumanns 1854 edition, based on Davids 1843 edition, but with piano accompaniment, published by Breitkopf and Hartel, also in Leipzig. Another major edition was the 1909 edition of Josef Joachim and Hans Joachim Moser, which was the first edition to be released entirely based on the original Bach manuscript. Like David, the Joachim-Moser edition also included the unabridged manuscript. [edit] Musical structure The sonatas each consist of four movements, in the typical slow-fast-slow-fast pattern of the sonata da chiesa. The first two movements are coupled in a form of prelude and fugue. The third (slow) movement is lyrical, while the final movement shares the similar musical structure as a typical binary suite movement. Unlike the sonatas, the partitas are of more unorthodox design. Although still making use of the usual baroque style of allemande, courante, sarabande, and gigue, with some omissions and the addition of galanteries, new elements were introduced into each partita to provide variety. [edit] The Chaconne (Ciaccona) in D minor The ciaccona (commonly known as Chaconne), the concluding movement of Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004, surpasses the duration of the previous four movements combined. Along with its disproportional relationship to the rest of the suite, it merits the emphasis given it by musicians and composers alike. The theme, presented in the first four measures in typical chaconne rhythm with a chord progression based on the repeated bass note pattern D D C? D B? G A D, begets the rest of the movement in a series of variations. The overall form is a triptych, the middle section of which is in major mode. It represents the pinnacle of the solo violin repertoire in that it covers every aspect of violin playing known during Bachs time. It is still one of the most technically and musically demanding pieces for the instrument. Since Bachs time, several different transcriptions of the piece have been made for other instruments, particularly for the piano (by Ferruccio Busoni) and for the piano left-hand (by Brahms), as well as for the guitar, first transcribed by Argentinian guitarist and composer Antonio Sinopoli. At least three transcriptions have been published for organ solo. An arrangement for full orchestra (1930) was famously recorded by Leopold Stokowski. Recently, a bassoon transcription by Arthur Weisberg was written to highlight the capabilities of his new key systems for the bassoon. Johannes Brahms, in a letter to Clara Schumann, said about the ciaccona: â€Å"| On one stave, for a small instrument, the man writes a whole world of the deepest thoughts and most powerful feelings. If I imagined that I could have created, even conceived the piece, I am quite certain that the excess of excitement and earth-shattering experience would have driven me out of my mind. | †| [edit] Movements | | | Sonata No. 1 in G minor, BWV 1001 1. Adagio 2. Fuga (Allegro) 3. Siciliana 4. Presto Though the key signature of the manuscript suggests D minor, such was a notational convention in the baroque period, and therefore does not necessarily imply that the piece is in the Dorian mode. The second movement, the fugue, would later be reworked for the organ (in the Prelude and Fugue, BWV 539) and the lute (Fugue, BWV 1000), with the latter being two bars longer than the violin version. Partita No. 1 in B minor, BWV 1002 1. Allemanda Double 2. Corrente Double (Presto) 3. Sarabande Double 4. Tempo di Borea Double This partita substitutes a Bourree (marked Tempo di Borea) for the gigue, and each movement is followed by variations called double in French. Sonata No. 2 in A minor, BWV 1003 1. Grave 2. Fuga 3. Andante 4. Allegro Partita No. 2 in D minor, BWV 1004 1. Allemanda 2. Corrente 3. Sarabanda 4. Giga 5. Ciaccona In the original manuscript, Bach marked Segue la Corrente at the end of Allemanda. Sonata No. 3 in C major, BWV 1005 1. Adagio 2. Fuga 3. Largo 4. Allegro assai The opening movement of the work introduced a peaceful, slow stacking up of notes, a technique once thought to be impossible on bowed instruments. The fugue is the most complex and extensive out of the three, with the subject derived from the chorale Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott. Bach employed every element imaginable on this fugue, which included a stretto, an inversion, as well as diverse sorts of double counterpoint. Partita No. 3 in E major, BWV 1006 1. Preludio 2. Loure 3. Gavotte en rondeau 4. Menuet I 5. Menuet II 6. Bourree 7. Gigue A transcription for lute was also made by the composer, cataloged as BWV 1006a.