The Contribution Made By Classicist Criminology - 2175 Words

Within this first assignment, the main aim is to evaluate the contribution made by classicist criminology to the provision of effective responses to criminal behaviour. Criminology has a modest definition that states the link between criminology and the study of crime, for example, why people commit actions and how society responds to this behaviour (P Joyce, 2009). When defining whether an act is criminal or not it is most likely to be viewed as an act of wrong doing by most members of society and is consequently punishable by law. Classicism was developed within the late eighteenth century Europe, and was a reaction to traditional views and practices regarding crime and punishment. There are key views that are linked with classicist†¦show more content†¦Deterrence had not worked effectively) then the punishment should effectively fit and reflect the seriousness of the crime that has been committed meaning that classist criminologists found it appropriate to make sure that cost to a perpetrator that committed a crime would outweigh any sort of benefit that may be gained from the act in question. This resulted in classicism being solely focused on the act committed opposed to the individual that carried out the crime. An additional argument was also made that whatever the punishment that the individual received was to be no more than absolutely necessary to neutralise whatever benefit the individual believed they could gain from carrying out the crime. They believed that the use of discretion was to be avoided as classicists argued that judges should not attempt to interpret the law because their role was only to apply it to the criminal. Finally, all cr ime should be responded to in a reliable way as classicists thought it was essential that any potential perpetrators would be fully aware of the impending consequences of their actions and they reasoned that the most appropriate way to relay this solution was to have a clear legal code and consistent criminal justice system in place that was both predictable and swift. (P Joyce, 2009) Classical thinking was further developed by British philosopher Jeremy Bentham. Some of the punishment associated with parts of the continental Europe of which are not linked Britain

Phl 458 Week 1 Individual Assignment Critical Thinking and...

Critical Thinking and Society Exercise PHL/458 University of Phoenix Describe a situation in which critical and creative thought could have been used for a better outcome. Describe why it is important to think critically and creatively in similar situations. A situation, in which critical and creative thought could have been used for a better outcome, is when investors were making decisions about the purchase of real estate. In 2006 the real estate market was giving signs of weakening where prior to that year it was booming, but investors were not thinking critically and creatively instead, they were greedy and they let greed make decisions for them. To make matters worse†¦show more content†¦The truth never changes. You make a choice based on a truth: If you don’t work you will be become a free rider in society. Knowledge: Knowledge can change as new information is available. Ideas do not constitute knowledge unless they correspond to reality (Ruggiero, 2010, p.29).Now this knowledge of wanting to go to work corresponds to the reality of having a roof over your head or food on your table. Opinion: â€Å"Opinions are intensely personal, so it is understandable that people have strong feelings about theirs. (Ruggiero, 2010, p.34). Your opinion may not be the truth but for an individual it is a personal view and not any one else’s. Identify three hindrances to the critical thinking process. Determine methods for overcoming these hindrances. Identify a time in which you experienced a hindrance in critical thinking. Describe a method you could use to overcome the hindrances. Hindrances: Resistance to change, conformity and self-deception. Overcoming resistance to change: By having an open mind and welcoming, not necessarily accepting, many new ideas. Overcoming Conformity: The right way to fight conformity is to think for yourself and not worry about how many people share your view. Overcoming self-deception: Only when we are able to decide honestly what information we needShow MoreRelatedPHL 458 Complete Class Week 1 - 5 – All Assignments, Presentations, DQs – A+ Graded Course Material1177 Words   |  5 PagesPHL 458 Complete Class Week 1 - 5 – All Assignments, Presentations, DQs – A+ Graded Course Material Click on the Link Below to Purchase A+ Work for PHL458 http://hwminute.com/downloads/phl-458-whole-wks-1-5-dqs-assignments-amaterial/ Week 1 Individual Critical Thinking and Society Exercise Write 150- to 200 words on each of the following topics: †¢ Describe a situation in which critical and creative thought could have been used for a better outcome. Describe why it is important to think critically

Against School A Corrupted System Free Essays

The educational systems purpose is to prepare people with the necessary skills and knowledge so that they can excel and function properly in today’s society. John T. Gatto challenges that idea and begs the question is 12 compulsory years of standard schooling consisting of six classes a day, five days a week, nine months a year needed? Gatto refers to George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln as they were not formally schooled and yet were very successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Against School: A Corrupted System or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Gatto’s, there are three main purposes to formal schooling, â€Å"1) To make good people, 2) To make good citizens, and 3) to make each person his or her best. † (Gatto 3) Gatto believes that the current educational system actually contradicts these three ideals. He claims that there are six basic yet specific functions that intend to hold back and limit the progress and overall success of a student. Of the six functions there are three serve specifically to limit and hinder a students progress. The diagnostic and directive functions, the differentiating function, and the propaedeutic function all seemingly serve to cripple a students success but when analyzed some do hold some truth but in the end they are merely irrational and ridiculous accusations made by Gatto. The diagnostic and directive functions are defined as a litmus test to test where a particular student â€Å"fits† in society based on grade percentages. These percentages are logged and stored permanently in our student records which are then passed on the post secondary schools to place students in their â€Å"proper societal roles† (4). During my freshman and sophomore years in high school I can not help but remember teachers classifying â€Å"ap† students and high academic achievers as those who were going to be â€Å"successful†. My math teacher often referred to more difficult questions as the â€Å"doctor† or â€Å"lawyer† question in an attempt to scale the difficultly of the question. What if one can not do the question? Does that mean that person should be classified as remedial or can not attain the success of a doctor or lawyer? Of course not, the simple idea of that is completely irrational. However, once reassessing and making them less extreme, Gatto’s diagnostic and directive functions can be found anywhere in the academic system whether it be perquisite knowledge for grade twelve programs or university entrance. While this function may seem absurd, Gatto’s differentiating function is one that can be related to actual everyday life. The differentiating function is a more practical function. It states that, â€Å"once a student’s role has been â€Å"diagnosed† through standardized testing, they are to be sorted by role, and trained only so far as their destination in the social machine merits. † (5) The functions practical use is especially seen in post secondary schooling where a more refined and â€Å"specialized training† takes place. We see this in any standard entry test for a specific program such as the SAT, LSAT or MCAT. Based on a students performance on these forms of testing they are then place in their respective programs allow them to focus specifically on areas of study that are important to them. At my old high school there was a standard entry test, SSAT, that examined various categories of schooling (math, reading, writing etc†¦) Depending on how you did on the test would determine not only whether or not you are eligible for acceptance but whether or not you qualify to take ap courses, because if u do not posses the proper knowledge taking a more advanced course would be counter-productive and in fact hurt your academic career. Once one has analyzed the differentiating function there is some truth to it but when one looks at the propaedeutic function, it is completely incorrect. The propaedeutic function is completely incorrect and misleading. According to Gatto, the purpose of the propaedeutic is to create a class of â€Å"elite caretakers †¦ taught to manage this project, how to watch over and control a population deliberately dumbed down and declawed† (5) He’s saying that those who already control the population are going to educate children so that when they grow up they can control the population and train more children to do the same. At this point it seems like Gatto is trying to throw something that is completely and utterly irrational out there trying to catch people off guard and hope to attract some followers. The simple thought that people were training young children to know how to manipulate people in such a way that they simply do not challenge authority and do exactly as their told to is ridiculous. At no point in my life have I ever felt that someone or an organization is trying to limit my personal abilities to comply with this absurd function. Teachers constantly enthuse student to be all they can and achieve as high as they can, not that its ok if u cant because we already got it figured out. While other of Gatto’s functions may have held some truth this particular function is completely incorrect Gatto believes that those who control the way society runs are trying to create a norm in the educational system. That student’s are pre-destined before they are given the ample chance to excel and achieve. Gatto explains that schools traditionally have three purposes: 1) To make good people; 2) To make good citizens; 3) To make each student find some particular talents to develop as best they can. These are all fine standards but because of government schools have become prison like even in there cell block style construction. Gatto’s approach is very liberal and has opened my eyes to certain matters especially the way that educational system is poorly constructed (with it being bases on grades) and how it is mismanaged leading to sub-par performance and disappointing â€Å"success† rates. It is this poorly constructed system and a corrupted way of running it is what I think Gatto was truly trying to revile. How to cite Against School: A Corrupted System, Essay examples

Opportunity Cost - Market Structure - Demand Pull and Cost Push Inflatio

Question: 1. What is opportunity cost? Describe some of the opportunity costs when you decide to do the following? a. Attend college instead of taking a job. b. Ride a bus instead of driving your car. 2. Define price elasticity of demand. How you will use it to define an 'inferior good'? Give two examples of an inferior good? 3. In which market structure would you place each of the following products: monopoly oligopoly, monopolistic competition, or perfect competition? Why? a. Water and sewerage services. b. Breakfast cereal 4. Define discretionary fiscal policy? What is the relationship with automatic stabilisers? 5. Explain the differences between demand pull and cost push inflation? 6. Identify the key factors affecting the demand for currency? 7. What policies would be effective to reduce the structural rate of unemployment? Define at least one? Answer: 1. Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is defined as the money or other advantages being lost in order to seek a specific course of action instead of an alternative that is mutually exclusive. Therefore, the opportunity cost is the benefit that may have been gained from the use of alternative of the similar resources. Attend college instead of taking job: For example, if a student attends college for four year then in this case the opportunity cost is the lost of money that a student would have gained if he/she would have taken up the job. Opportunity cost for going college are books, supplies, cost of tuition, etc and a person can find good or better job opportunity and better salary. Ride a bus instead of driving a car: If a person rides a bus then it can be cheaper to him/her but may not be as convenient as riding a car. Opportunity costs for taking bus comprises, wait for bus, person may have to walk to reach the destination from the bus stop. 2. Price Elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand I regarded as the measure to know the demand for the product or services of the customers in relation to price change. Therefore, it shows a relationship between an alteration in the demand of quantity and alteration in price. Inferior goods are considered that good which reduces in demand if there is arise in the income level of consumers or vice versa. Examples of Inferior goods are: Inter-city bus can be taken as inferior good. The travelling through inter-city bus is cheaper than rail or air travel but in can be time consuming. Therefore, if a person has more money, then person may prefer rail or air transport. Thus, it can decrease the demand for inter-city due to rise in income level. The cheaper bikes can be inferior goods as the people may prefer cheaper bike due to income constraint but when there is rise in income then the same person may prefer buying costly bike. 3. Deciding market structure Water and sewerage services: The services may fall into monopoly market structure as the services can be provided by one firm. The water and sewerage service is sole entrepreneurship. For instance, if there is large number of buyers in particular society and lack of water and sewerage service provider then one firm providing service in society can be considered as monopoly. Moreover, there is scarcity of fresh water and sewerage service provider therefore, it falls under monopoly. Breakfast Cereal: The product falls under oligopoly market structure. Oligopoly means few amounts of sellers and large buyers. The breakfast cereals that are sold by firms are very less such as Nestle, Kelloggs, etc. 4. Discretionary fiscal policy and its relationship with automatic stabilizers Discretionary Fiscal Policy is considered as the part of the action of government that can be altered year to year. It is a policy by the government that does not implies mandatory modification in spending, taxation or fiscal activities in context to changes in economic situations or recessions. Therefore, it is regarded as deliberate changes of government taxation, transfer payments and purchases so that macroeconomic goals can be promoted such as stability in price, GDP growth, full employment, etc. Automatic stabilizers are regarded as budget policy that alters automatically in order to stabilize the fluctuations in gross domestic product. The automatic stabilizer is different from discretionary fiscal policy. In order to make discretionary fiscal policy, the government has to have support from all areas whereas automatic stabilizers functions automatically if any economic situation arises. Examples of Automatic Stabilizers are corporate profits, unemployment insurance programs and progressive income taxes. 5. Demand Pull and cost push inflation Demand Pull Inflation: This kind of inflation is caused by excess and higher demands. For instance, if the people have more money, than they use more money to buy the product and services. The factors that lead to increase in aggregate demand are: increase in the level of money supply; rise in government purchase and rise in level of price in rest world. Therefore demand pull inflation can lead to shortages and rise in prices. Cost Pull Inflation: This kind of inflation is erupts by disruptions in supply. For instance, if oil prices increases then it make production more expensive. Therefore, production price can increase. The decrease in total supply can be due to hike in wage rates or increase in the raw material prices. 6. Factors affecting demand for currency Interest Rates: If there is higher interest rate associated with the borrowing, then the person may not be able to acquire money as required. For instance, if an investor invests money in foreign company and the interest rate in foreign company decreases then it can result in lower yield. Trade Balance: It impacts the demand and supply for the currency. For example, if a particular nation is suffering from trade deficit then the demand for currency can decrease and supply of currency can increase that can lead to higher supply and less demand. Political Situation: If there is higher global tension then it can lead to FOREX market instability. Moreover, there can be irregular outflow and inflow of currencies that can result in exchange rate fluctuation. 7. Policies for reducing structural rate of unemployment The structural rate of unemployment can be reduced by making policies such as: Introducing Government Training programs for the structurally employed Payment of subsidies to companies providing raining Increasing wage level and Helping unemployed to relocate themselves in working areas The policy to provide help to the structurally employed can be helpful in relocating them to the area where their job exists. The provision of assistance can help the person to regularly visit the office to carry on with their business activities. Moreover, it can decrease the burden from their health and can it can decrease the travel time. Therefore, it can help in attending office on time. Further, the hike in wage level can motivate the people to work.

Introduction Essays (1512 words) - Grigori Rasputin,

Introduction Grigory Yefimovich Rasputin is known as the Siberian Mystic Healer, whose life has been retold numerous of times and almost each time it is told it is retold in a different way. Since Rasputin lived in a civilization not that advanced, little is know of his first forty years of life. So most information on the man are normally from stories families have passed on. Some say he is a holy monk with great powers, on the other hand he may be known as a phony with a false connection to God. The Beginning Rasputin was born between 1864 and 1865 in his own home of Pokrovskoe. It is now known as Tiumen Oblast. It is located in Siberia on the Toura River. This was a small city located near the Ural Mountains. At the center of the village stood a large white church with a guilded dome, which was a symbol of Russias strong religious background. At the age of eighteen Rasputin went through a religious transition. He eventually went to the monastery at Verkhoture. At this place he became aquatinted to the Khlysty sect. After spending some time at this monastery he did not become a monk. When he came to this monastery he had no intentions of becoming a monk. But this even eventually leads to fame and power for Rasputin. At the age of nineteen, Rasputin returned to his home in Pokrovskoe. There he fell in love and married Praskovia Fyodorovna. Together the two had three children. They had Dimitri in 1897, Maria in 1898, and Varvara in 1900. Marriage wasnt enough to keep Rasputin in one place. He continued to wander to places of religious significance suck as Mt. Athos, Greece, and Jerusalem. He was a self-proclaimed holy man. He had the power to heal the sick and the power to predict the future. His fame grew greatly. Soon people traveled from long distances in search of his well heard about abilities and insight. For Rasputins help, people would repay him with food, presents, and money. Rasputin has had no long period of religious or spiritual training. He also had very limited education so he was left illiterate. This made his theatrical abilities become very useful. One day while Rasputin was plowing in the fields he had a revelation. The story states that a Heavenly Mother touched him. She told him of young Aleksei, the tsarevich and she instructed him to appear at the boys side to stop his bleeding. His bleeding was a result of his hemophilia. He made his initial move towards St. Petersburg in1902, when he visited the city of Kazan near the Volga River. After this trip he had a rapidly growing group of disciples and acquaintances in the upper class, and he was known as a man of God. The City of St. Petersburg Rasputin arrived in St. Petersburg at a time when church leaders were really vulnerable. They wanted people with religious influence, and who had power over the people. Rasputin was both an ordinary peasant simple, forceful, and direct while at the same time he possessed the power to astonish people with his healing powers and his insight into the future. People in the city had different views on the man. One was that he was a very holy man who possessed great powers. The other is that he was just a cynical, and that he used religion to mask his drive for sex, money, and power. Sex Life Rasputin had a very active sex life. He was reported to hold orgies in the basement of his house at the same time he lived with his wife around 1900. Later, after Rasputin had a rise to fame he attracted a large crowd of female followers. Many of the pictures of Rasputin are with him surrounded by women. There are reports of Rasputin raping women. These reports are untrue because Rasputin really didnt have to rape the to get them into bed. All of these activities did not conflict with Rasputins religious beliefs. He did not particularly care for the orthodox religion. He was a member of the Khlisti sect. Followers of the Khlisti sect believed that all of the desires of the man should be fulfilled, and

Elucidating Tradeoffs Bioengineered Foods

Elucidating Tradeoffs Bioengineered Foods Dr. Seethaler kept on reiterating one theme when she revealed her strategy in evaluating the risks and benefits of scientific breakthroughs. She reminded her readers to keep on elucidating tradeoffs. It is her way of saying that there is more than meets the eye and nothing is what it seems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elucidating Tradeoffs: Bioengineered Foods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A logical thinker must carefully analyze the facts and consider that there are always two sides to the issue. More importantly different stakeholders have a different take on the benefits and risks of a certain product or technology. Thus, Dr. Seethaler developed a framework which focuses on tradeoffs as means to determine risks and benefits. Her framework can be used to analyze if it is worth the risk to use bioengineered foods. Stakeholders There are various stakeholders when it comes to bioengineered foods. The first majo r stakeholder is the company that invested in the research and development of a bioengineered food. The rest of the stakeholders are listed as follows: USDA; WTO; EPA; FDA; and the media. With regards to the first major stakeholder companies like Monsanto spent hundreds of millions of dollars in research and development of bioengineered foods and has to make a profit out of the said investment. It is therefore imperative for biotech companies to demonstrate that bioengineered foods are healthier than ordinary ones. But they often fail to show the tradeoffs such as the extensive use of fertilzers and othe chemicals to produce such foods. The USDA on the other hand finds the development of a bioengineered foods as a breakthrough in science and would support its development and mass production. However, the USDA may not highlight the fact that there is need for more extensive tests because no one is certain of the long term effects of this new type of food products. The WTO on the othe r hand is concerned with efficiency and therefore would love nothing else than to diffuse tension between trade partners. The tradeoff is the tendency to gloss over problems. The EPA on the other hand is focused on saving the planet. It is therefore important for them to point out how unnatural means of producing food is not sustainable and could negatively affect the ecosystem of the planet. But the EPA may not mention the benefit of a vitamin-fortified food. The same thing can be said of the FDA. This government agency is in-charge of determining if a certain food product is safe for consumption. The FDA may downplay the tradeoff which is a much improved food product that can help enhance the quality of life of many people.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, the media is also a stakeholder in this issue. The media has the responsbility to inform the public on new d evelopments when it comes to food. The media can be seen as some sort of a watchdog. But media outlets such as news bureaus are dependent on ratings, thus there is a tendency to sensationalize the news to edge other TV networks in the ratings game. Five Factors With regards to the five factors it is easy to understand that environment must be an important consideration. But someone has to find out the exact process that can link environmental degradation and bioengineered foods. It is also possible that the environmental impact is negligible or manageable and therefore the benefits easily outweigh the risks. Human health is also a primary concern. It is easy for the media to create fear by releasing news information that is not based on facts but on assumptions. There is no hard evidence that the consumption of bioengineered foods can cause acute health problems. On the other hand, if it can be proven that there is indeed a tremendous health benefit in consuming bioengineered foods then the benefits outweigh the risks. When it comes to economics it is difficult to find fault with bioengineered foods. There is evidence to show that this type of products can be enhanced to make it resistant to pests. In other words a higher yield for farmers. Nevertheles, there are those who will argue that in the long run the cost will be catastrophic in terms of the destruction of the environment. But in the present there the main problem to tackle is hunger and if bioengineered food can help curb hunger in many parts of the world then the other issues becomes secondary becaue human life takes priority. Ethics is a difficult issue because there are no hard and fast rules when it comes to what is allowed when it comes to tampering with the natural design of food. But it can be argued that human life is more important than anything. If bioengineered food can help save lives and increase the quality of life then whatever ethical issues that is related to biotechnology. Long term effects of bioengineered food is difficult to determine because the breakthroughs in this field only occurred recently. There is not enough data to know the impact in the next 100 years or so. But this does not mean that nothing can be done to mitigate risks. It is possible to make adjustments as problems crop up and make predictions based on what is known today. In the process problems can be anticipated and solutions can be applied early on.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Elucidating Tradeoffs: Bioengineered Foods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Europe and Zambia In Europe the main concern is in the long-term effects of bio-engineered food. They are afraid of the unknown. This fear is of course related to the perceived negative impact to human health. The rest of the European consumers are not into bioengineered foods because they believe that farmers who produce this type of food utilized unethical practices. W ith regards to Zambia the reason is less about health and the environment and more on the economic interests. Zambian farmers discovered early on that they can sell unmodified food to Europe. Thus, it is important for them that people continue to oppose the consumption of bioengineered food. The moment that their main market switches to bioengineered food, their livelihood can be threatened. Conclusion There is nothing wrong with bioengineered food. This is especially true if one will talk about vitamin-fortified food. The benefits can easily outweigh the risks considering that fact that there are many bioengineered foods that has been proven safe for consumption. It is easy to embrace bioengineered foods when critics consider world hunger and vitaimin deficiency in many parts of the world.

Dissociation of Partnership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dissociation of Partnership - Essay Example Partnership agreements always include dissociation rights. Dissociation from a partnership can either be classified as non-wrongful or wrongful dissociation. Non-wrongful dissociations characterize by non-violation of partnership agreements. It includes events like retirement, a procedural and legal withdrawal of a partner in accordance with the partnerships regulations or death of a partner (Mallor, Barnes, & Bowers, 2013). Wrongful dissociation occurs when a dissociation of a given partner is in breach of a clear provision stipulated out in the partnership's agreement. It includes the unwarranted withdrawal of a partner prior to the completion of an undertaking or the exhausting the term of the partnership. Wrongful dissociation occurs in instances when a given partner files a bankruptcy petition or becomes a party to a bankruptcy as a debtor. The partners determine the judicial expulsions of a partner based on the requests made by other partners. The determinations of judicial expulsions link to an individual’s continuous and conscious breach of the partnership rules or irrational acts (Mallor, Barnes, & Bowers, 2013). Conclusion Statement Dissociation is not usually an automatic occurrence, as there are varieties of legal factors that lead to dissociation. Thus, KUPA encourages continuity of partnership after dissociation. Dissolution signifies the commencement of winding up procedure followed by redistribution of assets and liabilities (Mallor, Barnes, & Bowers, 2013).