Personality profile Elyn Saks Essay Example

Personality profile Elyn Saks Paper Personality profile Elyn Saks BY poltna888 Running head: PERSONALITY PROFLIE OF ELYN SAKS Personality Profile of Elyn Saks Abstract The current personality profile looks at Elyn Saks personality. Elyn Saks is a high- achiever diagnosed with schizophrenia. She began to have the symptoms in the early childhood, but managed to live with them. Currently, she is a professor at University of Southern California Law School and adjunct professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. Her personality is analyzed using multiple classical approaches of personality psychology represented by such famous theorists s Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erik Erickson, Hans Eysenck, Gordon Allport, Burrhus Frederick Skinner, Albert Bandura, and Abraham Maslow. As he main source, her autobiographical book The Center Cannot Hold: My Journey Through Madness was used (Hyperion, 2007). Theory of Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality, of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other hand is that which is within our awareness. In 1923 Freud described his constructs of the d, ego, and superego. The id is the most primitive part of our ersonality. It operates according to the pleasure principle and it simply seeks immediate gratification. Freud believed that the unconscious possesses the libido, a flowing, dynamic force. The ego is extremely objective and operates according to the reality principle, dealing with the demands of the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality profile Elyn Saks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personality profile Elyn Saks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personality profile Elyn Saks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It regulates the flow ot libido and keeps the id in check, thus acting as a control center ot the personality. It is the superego, which represents the values and standards of an individuals personality. The superego is a characteristic of the personality which strives for perfection. Freud placed great importance on the early years of childhood and introduced psychosexual development stages (oral, anal, phallic, a period of latency, and genital). If a child spends more time in a particular stage then he/she ought to, it leads to a fixation or an incomplete development of the personality. A critical event during the first five years of life is the experience of Oedipus and Electra conflicts (boys sexual attraction toward their mothers and girls sexual attraction toward their fathers, correspondingly). Another major aspect of psychoanalysis is the development of defense mechanisms. According to the theory efense mechanisms are used by the ego to protect the person from anxiety. They include repression, reaction formation, denial, projection, displacement, sublimation, regression, and rationalization. Psychoanalysis is also a therapy. It is based on the observation that individuals are often unaware of many of the factors that determine their emotions and behavior. Psychoanalytic treatment demonstrates how these unconscious factors affect current relationships and patterns of behavior, traces them back to their historical origins, shows how they have changed, and helps individuals to deal better with the realities of adult life. Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Sigmund Freuds Theory One of the best theories to analyze Elyn Saks personality is psychoanalytic theory. In her book The Center Cannot Hold, Elyn (2007) claims that her talk therapy, based on psychoanalysis, is as important for her as antipsychotic medication. Moreover, in addition to being a legal professor at the University of South California, she is a research clinical associate at the New Center for Psychoanalysis. Although, Elyn herself prefers Kleinian analysis (a treatment advocating that patients unleash their fantasies during sessions), it found its origin in the work of Sigmund Freud. I will attempt to analyze Elyns personality using several concepts of Freudian theory, such as the structure of the mind, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. Also, I will tell why Kleinian analysis worked for Elyn better than Freudian. In my opinion, Elyns id is strongly suppressed by ego and superego. She never let her sexual libido rule her life. Elyn has an exemplary ability to delay gratification. However, there were several occasions when she followed the pleasure principle, which was in her adolescent period (somewhere in genital stage, according to Freud). She tried illegal drugs: marijuana and mescaline, and Elyn learnt what kind of consequences it brings about. After use of mescaline, her hallucinations persisted, and she felt cognitively dysfunctional for a long time. Also, according to update research, use of marijuana in adolescent period can trigger the onset of schizophrenia (Eggan Lewis, 2006). However, in later life, I cannot mention any bright examples of Elyns id acting out. Her ego kept the id in control, and dealt with the problems of real world more than successfully despite the devastating effect of schizophrenia. She did not lose the ability to plan and act in order to achieve any goal. Regardless the burden of the thought disorder, Elyn solved real problems sometimes better than a person without any mental illness. She planned her career, passed her exams and wrote the best papers, as well as managed her finances. I t proves that Elyns ego is very strong. But, in my opinion, ner superego is even stronger and has ascendency over her personality. Elyn strived for the perfection; it mostly reveals in her academic achievement. Her high moral standards include helping others. For example, she volunteered provide advocacy for a mentally etarded patient, in order for him to move from the hospital back into community. One of Elyns most important moral rules, which was instilled from the childhood, is the belief that she must be strong and fght it, as well as that she can take everything under her control. This feature of her superego helps her to cope with the symptoms of schizophrenia: she tried to act normal while psychosis, she ignored everyday hallucinations and kept working in spite of the cognitive symptoms. However, sometimes superego made her fell into a pitfall. Her ideal self wanted her to be in control of everything, including her mental illness. It led her to the false assumption about her ability to live without medication, and subdue schizophrenia independently. Her superego made her experimenting with the tapering and, as a consequence, falling into crisis plenty of times. It took her long years to realize that sometimes we cannot fight it on our own, and tame this aspect of her superego. Looking at Elyns psychosexual development, it is possible to trace her fixation at the oral stage. She fits the definition of a person who seeks interesting experiences (her experiments with drugs) and knowledge (constant reading and academic achievement). Also, she derived pleasure from being close to others. Although, her mental illness hobbles her in social aspect, she always finds friends and connects to them very strongly. For example, after her friends, Kenny and Margie, left the Vanderbilt University, she sobbed for hours, inconsolable, and for weeks afterwards, had no energy, no focus (p. 48). Each separation for her was a tragedy (the most painful one was with her first therapist, Mrs. Jones). Elyn was attached to her family and all her therapists. Also, she reached full happiness, when her dream about the mate came to fruition, and she met her husband Will. In addition to all those attributes of the fixation at oral stage, Elyn smoked for a long time. Among the defense mechanisms, Elyn used denial most vividly. At some point of her life, Elyns ego was threatened to acknowledge that she had the mental illness. She denied the fact that it is permanent and not Just a transient problem. In the same manner, she denied the constant need for medication. Fortunately, her therapists and friends helped her to admit those facts and she coped with the problems successfully without employing the denial defense mechanism. As I have mentioned earlier, for the treatment of schizophrenia, Elyn Saks referred Kleinian psychoanalysis to Freudian one. According to Freud, psychosis is too narcissistic, too inward-looking, to allow the patient to develop a transference relationship with the analyst (intense feelings, beliefs, and attitudes the patient unconsciously recalls from early life and then directs to the analyst), which is crucial for the clients progress (Freud, 1924). In contrast, Melanie Klein believed that people with psychosis could benefit from analysis and that the necessary transference would develop. It was her theory that psychotic individuals are filed with (even driven y) great anxiety, and that the way to provide relief is to focus directly on the deepest sources of that anxiety (Klein, 1975). During the sessions, the patient is given the freedom to reveal all hidden fantasies and pronounce all inappropriate thoughts. For that reason, Elyn, being most ot the time in control ot ner disorganized thoughts and emotions, found help in this type of treatment. In public, she suppressed all the features of her illness, while at the therapists office she was given an opportunity to reduce the tension. Also, in my opinion, her fixation at the oral stage with the affixed o it proneness for dependency and attachment, assisted Elyn in the development of the transference. The Theory of Carl Jung Carl Jung was a founder of analytical psychology (Friedman Schustack, 2003). He is best known for his theories of the collective unconscious, including the concept of archetypes and complexes. Along with Sigmund Freud, Jung pioneered modern theories of the relationships between the conscious and unconscious aspects of mind. But while Freud postulated a psychosexual explanation for human behavior, Jung perceived the primary motivating force to be spiritual in origin. According to Jung, it was from the soul that the complementary drives of differentiation and integration arose, fueling the processes of growth, development, and healing. Mental illness arose when these processes were thwarted. Jung emphasized each persons uniqueness and believed that the goal of life is individuation, the process of coming to know, giving expression to, and harmonizing the various components of the psyche. Also, in his theory distinguished two general attitudes introversion and extraversion; and four functions thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting. In addition, Jungs theory incorporates the notion of two opposing archetypes that represent the differences between our outward appearances (persona) and our inner selves (shadow). Other two important archetypes are the animus (the male element of a woman) and anima (the female element of a man). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Carl Jungs Theory I find it difficult to apply some of Carl Jungs unique concepts, such as complexes and collective unconsciousness, analyzing personality of Elyn Saks. Among archetypes, I would use only two in order to explain Elyns personality. Also, Jungs attitudes and unctions are quite helpful, too. Complexes are unconscious and repressed emotionally-toned symbolic material that is incompatible with consciousness. According to Jung, they can cause constant psychological disturbances, but, with proper intervention, they can become conscious that will greatly reduce their impact (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Applying this notion to Elyns personality, and, particularly, to her diagnosis, the controversial opinions might arouse. On one hand, schizophrenia is proved to be organic disorder of the brain, and, thus, cannot be caused by the complexes (Friedman Schustack, 2003). On the other hand, psychoanalysis based on revealing emotionally charged feeling, thoughts, and ideas that were suppressed into unconsciousness, which Jung defines as complexes, helped Elyn to maintain the balance and cope with her disease (Saks, 2007). The collective unconscious is a large group of archetypes (powerful emotional symbols) (Friedman Schustack, 2003) that are derived from the emotional reactions of our ancestors to continually repeating events. Examples would be the magician, hero, and the trickster. I could not discern any of those archetypes, or similar to them, in he personality of Elyn Saks. Also, I think that Jungs believe that the origin of mental illness is the soul does not explain schizophrenia of Elyn Saks (and of any other person) in any aspect. However, Elyn can be analyzed from the perspective of Jungs attitudes and tunctions. In my opinion, Elyns nature is extroversion . She is in need for sociability, and close people are a source of energy for her. In her adolescent years, previous to the onset of her illness, she enjoyed going out with friends. But, unfortunately, schizophrenia marked her for life as an introvert. She became more eflective and in need for privacy and space, especially when her symptoms begin to appear. Also, in my opinion, among four functions of Jungs theory, thinking and feeling functions are the most developed in Elyns personality. The fact that she graduated with the degree in philosophy from Oxford University proves that she has unquestionable logic (with the exception of while having a psychosis). She sees cause and effect relations in every situation, a quality without which she would not be able to achieve what she did. Elyns feeling function remained intact by schizophrenia as well: she is creative, warm, and intimate. She did not lose the sense of positive and negative values; she was able to create multiple bonds with other people and a happy family. Although Elyns sensing function must have been devastated by her illness, the vivid and exact description of psychosis and disturbed senses in the book The Center Cannot Hold might imply extraordinary sensing function in Elyn. As for intuitive function, I think it was rarely employed in her life: she has always relied on reasoning and Judgment more than on intuition. One of my favorite Jungs archetypes, persona and shadow, are very applicable in description Elyn Saks personality. Moreover, she also identified them in her book, but under different names. Persona, or the mask we present to the world, is designed to make a particular impression on others, while concealing our true nature. Elyns persona is Professor Saks, who represents herself to the society as structured and official high- achiever. One of Elyns shadows (the side of the personality, which she does not consciously display in public) is Lady of Charts, a woman diagnosed with schizophrenia, sometimes pinioned to the hospitals bed, disheveled and emaciated. Another shadow is Elyn, warm, sensitive, and strong women. This shadow is esponsible for keeping Lady of Charts far away in the closet, as well as for discouraging Professor Saks to take everything, including schizophrenia, under total control. During one of the therapeutic sessions, Elyns doctor, encouraged her to transfer Elyn from shadow status to persona status, by disclosing those three sides of her personality and advising to associate her Self with Elyn, more than with any other (Saks, 2003). The Theory of Erik Erikson Erikson was a Neo-Freudian (Friedman Schustack, 2003). He has been described as an ego psychologist studying the stages of development, spanning the entire lifespan. Each of Eriksons stages of psychosocial development is marked by a conflict, for which successful resolution will result in a favorable outcome, for example, trust vs. mistrust, and by an important event that this conflict resolves itself around, for example, meaning of ones life. Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as virtues (Erikson, 1963). Eriksons research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in tension with one another, not rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a lite-stage challenge are underst nd accepted as botn required and useful, the optimal virtue for that stage can surface (Bukatko Daehler, 2004). The Erikson life-stage virtues, in the order of the stages in which they may be acquired, are: (1) Trust vs. Mistrust, (2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, (3) Initiative vs. Guilt (4) Industry vs. Inferiority, (5) Identity vs. Role Confusion, (6) Intimacy vs. Isolation, (7) Generatively vs. Stagnation, and (8) Ego Integrity vs. Despair. Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Erik Eriksons Theory I think Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is useful in explaining Elyns ersonality. In my opinion, on the stages she has already gone through, she resolved most of the conflicts successfully. I believe on the first stage, during the first year of life, we can conclude that Elyn developed the trust and hope. She gained confidence and security in the world around her because her parents were loving, hardworking, and more often than not, kind (p. 11). In other words, her caregivers were reliable enough to provide her with the background that helped her trust the people around her (e. g. , her therapists) and not to give up in the battle with her mental illness. On he second stage, which takes place between age one and three, Elyn acquired autonomy and will. Assumingly, her parents did not criticize or overly control her, but rather gave Elyn the opportunity to assert herself by encouraging and supporting her increased independence. Due to this reason, she became more confident and secure in her own ability to survive in the world. She left parents home when she started college, and since then she was able to maintain her independence throughout her life in spite of the difficulties she faced. That developed a remarkable will in her personality, which is indicated in every aspect of her life (e. . , achievement in career, coping with schizophrenia symptoms, ability to delay gratification). On the third stage (age 3-6), Elyn resolved the conflict toward initiative and purpose. It can be inferred from her book that Elyns parents did not control her to the point of being excessive and criticize her own decisions. They were tolerant even to her little quirks (e. g. , aligning shoes Just right, or washing hands several times). As a consequence, Elyn developed a sense of initiative and the ability to lead others and make decisions. On the fourth stage (age 6 to puberty), Elyn developed the sense of ndustry. She was encouraged and reinforced for her accomplishments (e. g. , good grades), especially by her mom: Dad was not a praiser, so he never complimented anyone. But Mom did, and Warren [brother] and I competed for her attention (p. 15). It developed the feeling of confidence in her ability to achieve the goals, which played a crucial role in reaching her full potential. Her industry helped her to acquire the notable competence in different areas: philosophy, law, and mental illness. However, during her adolescent years, Elyn resolved the conflict of the fifth stage toward nfavorable outcome: role confusion. According to Erikson, during this period, adolescents explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity based upon the outcome of their explorations. Elyns explorations that started in Mexico led to the drug use, and her parents did not want her to explore in this direction. After she stated that if she wanted to use pot, she would, and there is not much you can do about it (p. 25), her parents sent her to rehabilitation center. She had to conform. As a result, she had difficulty to answer such questions as Who am l? How do I fit in? Where am I going in life? As a result, took her many years before she settled down in the protessional aspect: tirst sne got ner degree in philosophy, and only atterwards she realized that she wants to go to law school. On the sixth stage, which starts in young adulthood, Elyn acquired the sense of intimacy and love. She developed many long-term close friend relationships. Although, she did not settle down in young adulthood because she still was in school, as soon as she acquired a tenure (middle adulthood), she made a long-term commitment with her husband, Will. Currently, Elyn is on the seventh stage of her psychosocial development. During this stage the measures of accomplishments and failures takes place. I can make the prognosis that Elyn will solve the conflict on this stage toward the favorable outcome, generatively. She has achieved a lot in her career; she is settled in the relationships; she published a book that helped thousands of people; she is still learning a lot (the attendance of the school of psychoanalysis). In my opinion, there are no indications for her settling with stagnation. Similarly, I would predict favorable outcome (Ego- Integrity) on the eight stage of Elyns life. However, she still has it ahead of her. The Theory of Hans Eysenck Eysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as growing out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is usually called temperament. Eysencks original research found three main dimensions of temperament: neuroticism, extraversion-introversion, and psycoticism. Neuroticism is the factor that Eysenck determined encompassed people who are calm and collected to those who are high strung or nervous. A primary example of this is a persons response to emergencies. Some people are calm and able to deal with things, some are fearful and emotional, and some are terrified by even minor incidence. Eysenck hypothesized that explanation to this might be that neurotic people have a more responsive sympathetic nervous system than others. The introversion-extroversion concept includes the idea that extroverts have a relatively low brain arousal, and so they seek stimulation. Introverts, on the other hand, are thought to have a higher level of central nervous system arousal, and so they tend to shy away from timulating social environments. Psychoticism includes the tendency toward a psychopathology, involving impulsivity and cruelty, tough-mindedness, and shrewdness. High psychoticism does not mean a person is psychotic or doomed to become so. According to Eysenck, he/she exhibits some qualities commonly found among psychotics, and may be more susceptible, given certain environments, to becoming psychotic. The qualities found in high psychoticistic people include certain recklessness, a disregard for common sense or conventions, and a degree of inappropriate emotional expression (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Hans Eysencks Theory In my opinion, only a part of Hans Eysencks Theory explains the personality of Elyn Saks. I would identify her as highly neurotic and introvert, but, perhaps, surprisingly, I am hesitant to call her psychotistic. I think Elyn is definitely neuroticistic and introverted. Eysenck identified that people with obsessive-compulsive disorders and phobias tended to be high on neuroticism and introversion (Eysenck, 1967). He explained it by hypothesizing that highly neuroticistic people over-respond to fearful stimuli. It hey are introverts, they will learn to avoid the situations that cause panic very quickly and very thoroughly, even to the point of becoming panicky at small indications of those situations. In one of her interviews, Elyn confessed: l was fearful. I had some phobias. I had some obsessions. I had some kind of intense fears (Saks, 2008). It is confirmed in her book (Saks, 2007). For example, in the childhood she could not leave her room unless her shoes were all lined up, she could not go to sleep until her books were organized Just so (p. 11), and she had to wash her hand sometimes two or three times. Also, she had some irrational fears (similar to the fear of bogyman) much longer than other children. Evaluating Elyn on the third dimension of Eysencks model, psychoticism, I tend to think of her personality as of non-psychotistic. Although Elyn is schizophrenic and has lots of psychotic episodes, which sometimes include even homicide ideation, it is unjustifiable to call her personality psychoticistic. Eysenck attributes to those people such qualities as impulsivity, cruelty, and tough-mindedness, which are Just the opposite of the Elyns personality most of the time, while she is stable and non-psychotic (Friedman Schustack, 2003). This controversial situation proves once more that our psyche is very complex, and it is difficult to differentiate some of its aspects. The Theory of Gordon Allport Allport is known as a trait psychologist. He argued that some characteristics of human personality are shared (he termed these common traits) and some are peculiar to the individual (he termed those personal dispositions). Personal dispositions that exercise an overwhelming influence on behavior are called cardinal dispositions. Personal dispositions that are the basic building blocks that shape most f our behavior (although they are not as overwhelming as cardinal traits) are called central traits. Central traits are general characteristic found in some degree in every person. An example of a central trait would be honesty (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Gordon Allports Theory Theory of Gordon Allport does a very good Job in explaining Elyns personality due to the fact that Allport concentrated on the uniqueness of personality (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Cardinal disposition of Elyn Saks can probably be assigned to her being a highly functioning person with schizophrenia (Saks, 2007). Her central dispositions are probably constant seeking of knowledge and striving for the control over ones life. Also, such common traits as desire for success and achievement- motivation are explicit in Elyns personality. The Theory of Burrhus Frederick Skinner Skinners concept of operant conditioning assumes that the behavior that is reinforced is more likely to be repeated in the future, and less likely to be repeated if punished. Skinner argued that responses shaped by environmental consequences, taken together, are what we call personality. He emphasized that environment is of rimary importance even in hereditary characteristics. According to Skinner, psychopathology is learned in the same manner as all other behaviors: the adaptive or maladaptive behavior is learned by reinforcement (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of B. F. Skinners Theory In my opinion, Skinners theory explains some aspects of personality (behavior) of Elyn Saks, while some of the concepts I find not to be applicable. I think Elyns achievement-motivation can be explained by the fact that she was reinforced from the early child by ner parents to attain goals, such as good grades (Saks Also, her desire for control over her life is probably quite conditioned. Her parents, as well as people at rehabilitation center, praised her for being in control. For example, while being a teenager, she lost a lot of weight by controlling her diet. Her parents wanted her to put the weight back on, and they could do it only by challenging her to prove that she is in control (p. 6). After she came back to her normal weight, they stopped reprimanding her, which is the example of negative reinforcement. However, Skinners explanation of psychopathology, in my opinion, does not fit Elyn. Skinner claimed that people with mental problems have either not learned the appropriate response and have a behavioral deficit, or they have learned the wrong response. Thus the treatment for mental illness is to create environmental se ttings that reward desirable behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Although, this approach works quite well for children with cognitive and emotional disabilities, I think it does not in case of schizophrenia. It is widely known that schizophrenia is a brain disorder, not a learned behavior, and general clinical practice, as well as Elyns personal example, proves it. The Theory of Albert Bandura The main concept of Banduras theory is observational learning, or vicarious learning, which is also called modeling because a person forms himself or herself in the image of another. Bandura theorized mechanisms by which people can learn simply by watching others perform a behavior. They learn without performing the behavior themselves and without being directly rewarded or punished for the behavior (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Albert Banduras Theory In my opinion, it is almost impossible to explain Elyn Saks personality by Albert Banduras theory, using the references I possess. None of them provide information about her using a model for any type of Elyns behavior. Describing her childhood, she does not refer to anybody, even her parents, as a role model. I guess she was learning primary through operant conditioning than through observational learning. The Theory of Abraham Maslow Abraham MasloWs name is strongly associated with the hierarchy of needs (Friedman Schustack, 2003). His hierarchy includes: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization motives. Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, or the innate process by hich one tends to grow spiritual and realize ones potential (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn Saks from the Prospective of Abraham MasloWs Theory From the MasloWs view point, Elyn most likely would be defined as self-actualized person. Self-actualized people tend to be independent, resist social pressures, and freedom-loving, and have a high need for privacy (Friedman Schustack, 2003). Elyn fits all of those definitions, in my opinion. She went through the process of establishing herself as a whole person and developed the abilities to understand herself. As a result, she self-actualized herself in her career. At University of Southern California, she throws herself into writing and spends nearly every waking hour in her crowded office in the law school. Since her arrival at USC, she has been among the schools most productive and respected scholarly writers (University of Southern California Faculty Directory, 2008). Furthermore, the main aspect of her self- actualization is the desire to help other people witn mental illness and their tamilies. During the presentation of her book, she states: l wanted to write this book to give hope to people who suffer from schizophrenia and understanding to people who ont hope this story will help implode the myths that surround mental illness. Moreover, revealing her secret, she realized that her hard-earned career could come crashing down. A colleague suggested that Saks write under a pseudonym. But Elyn refused to that because that would send the wrong message, as she explained (Saks, 2008). Elyn, her colleague reasoned, do you want to be known as a schizophrenic with a Job? And she did have her doubts, because even while properly medicated, she still harbors several irrational thoughts each day, but she manages to dismiss the obsessions. However, she published her book, and now it gets wonderful reviews from prestigious publishers, doctors, as well as patients and their families, whom this book gave a real hope. Summary Elyn R. Saks, training to be a psychoanalyst, specializes in mental health law, criminal law, and children and the law. Her recent research focused on ethical dimensions of psychiatric research and forced treatment of the mentally ill. She also teaches at the Institute of Psychiatry and the Law at the Keck School of Medicine at USC and is an adjunct professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. In her capacity as associate dean, Dean Saks oversees research and grants at USC Law. Before Joining the USC Law faculty in 1989, Dean Saks was an attorney in Connecticut and instructor at the University of Bridgeport School of Law. She graduated summa cum laude from Vanderbilt University before earning her master of letters from Oxford University and her J. D. from Yale Law School, where she also edited the Yale Law Journal. To analyze her personality, it was beneficial to look at it from the many theoretical perspectives provided by personality psychology. These approaches

Foreshadowing in Moby Dick

Foreshadowing in Moby Dick Free Online Research Papers During the â€Å"gams† between two ships in Herman Melville’s novel Moby-Dick, the communication- or lack thereof- between the ships often serves as foreshadowing of the Pequod’s ultimate demise. The gams, meant to be seen as a social gathering between the two ships to exchange mail and news, occur during Moby-Dick nine times. Each of the gams sheds some light on the quest for the great whale, but ultimately it is the communication that occurs between the Pequod and the other ships, particularly the Albatross, the Jeroboam, and the Samuel Enderby, that dictates the kind of information that will be gathered during the gam. The gam between the Pequod and the Albatross is the first gam in Moby-Dick. Although the gam with the Albatross is not particularly successful, the lack of communication between the Pequod and the Albatross during the gam has much significance. When the Pequod and the Albatross first meet, Ahab’s first question to the captain of the ship is â€Å"Have you seen the White Whale?† This same question is asked of the other eight ships that the Pequod encounters, and when Ahab doesn’t get a good answer to this question, he refuses to participate in the gam. Because Ahab is so focused on whether the captain of the ship has seen the white whale, he is unwilling to participate in gams unless he can use them to gain information relevant to his quest. Ahab waits anxiously for the captain of the Albatross, to answer his question. But the captains speaking trumpet falls into the sea, and his unamplified voice doesnt carry in the wind. To the Pequods sailors, the accident is a symbol of Moby-Dicks evil power. It is also Melvilles way of saying that there are mysteries that cant be communicated to others, and that the future is unknowable. Melville gives another clue to Ahabs personality when he describes the captains reaction as the wakes of the two ships intermingle and schools of fish that had been swimming alongside the Pequod go over to the Albatross. Such movements by fish are common at sea, but Ahab reacts with shock. Ahab reacts in this way because he realizes that his quest for Moby-Dick is unreasonable, even abhorrent, a judgment confirmed by the departure of the fish. He also wants help-spiritual or physical-in his quest, and is saddened when the fish wont accompany him. Seeing an albatross at sea is usually a good omen. Ho wever, because of the little communication between the Pequod and the Albatross, as well as the schools of fish going to the Albatross, the gam is seen as a bad omen. If communication between the two ships has been better, we may have found out more about the White Whale and Ahab’s quest. But, since communication wasn’t possible between the Pequod and the Albatross, the mysteries of the Albatross will never be communicated to the Pequod. In the rest of the gams in Moby-Dick, communication plays a big part in foreshadowing for the Pequod. In the gam with the Jeroboam, for example, the sailors from the Pequod can’t step aboard the Jeroboam because of an epidemic that has broken out on the Jeroboam. Thus, communication is limited between the two ships, foreshadowing bad news for the Pequod. Indeed, in every way the Jeroboam is a warning to Ahab. Gabriel is one of a series of prophets able to speak a mad truth about the dangers of Ahabs quest. To Gabriel, as to Ahab, the whale is a symbol of Gods wrath. But where Gabriel madly flees the whale, Ahab pursues it. By contrast, the gams where communication is better between the two ships often bring better news. During the gam with the Samuel Enderby, Ahab finally finds a ship that has seen the white whale, after dealing with inexperienced ships that had never even heard of Moby-Dick before. Even during the Samuel Enderby gam, communication is limited because Ahab can’t set foot on the ship because of his leg. The captain of the Samuel Enderby, Boomer, is in a similar position, as he lost his arm to the white whale. Boomer tells Ahab that he glimpsed Moby-Dick twice more, but didnt chase him. Losing one arm is enough. But what Boomer thinks is best left alone is the very thing that most draws Ahab. When Bunger jokingly checks Ahab to see if hes feverish, Ahab roars into a rage so great Boomer asks if hes crazy. But the man Boomer asks is Fedallah, fully a part of the mad quest. Ahab and Fedallah leave the Samuel Enderby, ignoring Boomer’s shouts. Boomer and Bunger are representatives of a common-sense attitude toward the dangers of the world-if something has injured you once, it should be avoided in the future. And Bunger, in his dry, witty way, gives the common sense view that the whale is not evil, merely clumsy. But Ahab is incapable of such sense about the creature that maimed him. The gams highlight Ahab’s obsession with Moby-Dick by introducing characters like Boomer, who have seen the white whale but did not react as strongly as Ahab. The communication between the Pequod and the other ships during the gams in Moby-Dick serves as foreshadowing for what happens to the Pequod at the end of the novel. A lack of communication between the two ships, as seen in the Albatross gam, shows a lack of understanding. Limited communication, or none, foreshadows negatively for the Pequod. Ahab also limits the communication during the gams, because his obsession with the white whale prevents communication. The communication during the presentation of the gams during Moby-Dick is an indicator of what information will be gathered during the gam. Research Papers on Foreshadowing in Moby DickBringing Democracy to AfricaMind TravelThe Hockey GameAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementWhere Wild and West MeetBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperQuebec and CanadaEffects of Television Violence on Children

Double Genitive Definition and Examples in English grammar

Double Genitive Definition and Examples in English grammar In English grammar, the double genitive is a phrase in which possession is indicated by the preposition of followed by the possessive form of a noun or pronoun, as in a friend of Erics. Also called a  double possessive, an oblique genitive, and a postgenitive.  Some linguists argue that the double genitive is not a true genitive but rather a type of partitive construction. In The Careful Writer (1965), Theodore Bernstein noted that Grammarians have argued over the origin and nature, but not the validity, of the double genitive with the fervor of hot-stove league fans rehashing a Word Series play. Examples and Observations The Dude: Who are you, man?Knox Harrington: Oh, just a friend of Maudies.(The Big Lebowski, 1998)We heard the news from a neighbor of Alices.My bedroom, like that of my potential roommates, is cell-like in both its size and simplicity, furnished with only a bed and a small chest of drawers that easily accommodates the little I brought with me.(David Sedaris, Naked, 1997) Bernsteins Defense of the Double Genitive Not infrequently someone questions a construction that reads like this: He is a political associate of the Presidents. Since the of indicates the possessive (genitive), the someone argues, why tack on another possessive in the form of s? Grammarians differ as to the origin and explanation of the construction, but they do not question its well-established legitimacy. . .  [T]he double genitive is of long standing, idiomatic, useful and here to stay.(Theodore Bernstein, Miss Thistlebottoms Hobgoblins. Farrar, 1971) An Idiomatic Construction Despite their apparent redundancy, double genitive constructions such as a friend of ours or no fault of Jos are established English idiom. Grammarians since C18 have puzzled over the way the construction iterates the of genitive with a genitive inflection on the following pronoun or personal noun.(Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004) A Subtle Difference To say youre a friend of Gregs means that Greg looks upon you as a friend. To say youre a friend of Greg means that you look upon Greg as a friend. A subtle difference. It seems that the addition of -s to . . . Greg is a way of focusing attention on [this person] as having a more active role in the relationship being expressed. Double possession has given us a way to express quite fine distinctions that we couldnt convey before. The extra marking is not overkill in this case.​(Kate Burridge, Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2005) Purists and Language Liberals A good many of us do use some double genitives and do not notice that they are double. Some language liberals argue that in informal and casual contexts the double genitive is idiomatic and not overkill, but few editors of Standard English will be likely to let it stand in formal writing. Its either friends of my sister or my sisters friends; even in conversation, friends of my sisters may grate harshly on some purists ears.(Kenneth Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993)The double possessive is a matter of some controversy. Some insist that constructions like a friend of Bills are redundant and therefore should be avoided. Others see an old pal of mine and extrapolate that, because youd never say an old pal of me, you also must reject a friend of Bill.I say trust your ear over either dogma. A friend of Bills probably is better . . ..(Bill Walsh, Yes, I Could Care Less: How to Be a Language Snob Without Being a Jerk. St. Martins Press, 2013)

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Essay - 2

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Phase 1 Discussion Board 2 - Essay Example JCAHO is an independent, nonprofit organization and they carry out quality assessments at 5,000 US hospitals and 6,000 US health care facilities every three years. (AmericanHospital.com, 2008) It would be in the invested owner’s best interest to attain accreditation regardless because any reimbursement from government entities such as Medicare or Medicaid will still require regulation of care. It also gives a certain feeling of trust to know that the hospital has passed stringent rules on healthcare. The for-profit corporation is liable for any fiscal or legal issues, and not an individual. As a for-profit organization, the hospitals best interests are usually managed by board of directors and act in the interest of shareholders (if stocks are issued) or the invested owners. A big advantage of for-profit health care is their ability to respond to the demands of patients and employers. â€Å"†¦a large, nonprofit, staff-model health plan grew rapidly in southern California in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a result of affordable prices, its leaders froze enrollment for several years because of limited capacity. A competitively driven, for-profit, publicly traded organization would have found new capital and expanded its capacity to meet the needs of consumers.† (Hasan, 1996). Taking care of patients in private practice without the risk of influence from a government entity allows doctors and hospital partners design and manage the best quality delivery system they can assemble. Interestingly enough a for-profit hospital can receive Medicare subsidies (with proper accreditation), increasing their ability to profit. But the disadvantage to the for-profit is deeper scrutiny from the public and media for corporate financial scandals. Another disadvantage is that to retain quality medical care (i.e. trained doctors) the total costs are higher. (Woolhandler,

Marketing management- next Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing management- next - Essay Example The target market for Next Direct in India mainly includes young age group of people from urban areas with higher middle income. In India, the domestic as well as some foreign apparel retailers are dominating and they are also offering online retailing services. Hence, it needs to reposition itself by offering comparatively lower priced brand products. The price is a key factor in Indian market and Next Direct must offer better discounts, offers though loyalty cards schemes. Moreover, Next Direct also needs to incorporate ethical marketing concepts for its Indian market by focusing on better consumer satisfaction level. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 4 PLC STAGE 5 TARGET MARKET 7 PRODUCT REPOSITIONING 10 PRICING STRATEGIES 12 ETHICS 13 CONCLUSION 14 RECOMMENDATION 15 REFERENCE 16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 17 INTRODUCTION Next Plc is a UK-based retail chain and it also present in the multiple countries like India, China, European countries, U.S.A. etc. It is primarily engaged i n the retailing business of the apparels, accessories, home products and other electrical consumer durable products. In its domestic country, UK and in Eire it has nearly 500 stores. Besides, in International markets, it is operating with more than 180 stores (Next Plc-a, 2011). Recently, the retailer faced a steep fall in its sales revenue during financial crisis of 2007-2008. However, with the recovering economy, Next Plc’s financial statements are recovering with an increase in the sales comparing to the previous financial year. With recovering economy, the competition in the market is expected to intensify as its competitors will try to the recover their losses due to financial crisis during 2008 to 2009 (Clark, 2011). In such situation, Next Plc must try to reposition itself in the competitive market by gaining effective sustainable completive advantages. However, the recovering growth rate of UK (as per GDP real growth rate 1.6%) is much slower in comparison to other de veloping countries like China and India (CIA, 2011). Therefore, opportunities in these developing countries are far better than other recovering developing countries like UK and U.S.A. Next Plc can try to reposition its apparels in the Indian retail market as Indian economy is growing at a faster rate i.e. 8.3% (CIA-b, 2011). Next Plc can focus on its apparel product segments to reposition itself in Indian market. With enhancing disposable income of the Indian consumers demand for clothes and related accessories are rising (Mirdha, 2011). PLC STAGE Kasse has explained that a PLC â€Å"is the period of time, consisting of phases that begins when a product is conceived and ends when the product in no longer available for use† (Kasse, 2008, p.56). The clothes and apparels are generally belongs to the fashionable consumer products and fashion industry keeps changing its trends by introducing multiple product developments as per current trends. Generally, clothes can be categorize d into three types i.e. fashion, fad and basic products and hence, as per three types of apparel categories, the PLC is given below. Figure 1: PLC for Apparels and Clothes (Source: Cornell University, 2006) The basic clothes and apparels are already in its declining phase and fashionable clothes are in correct trend. However, the fad clothes have the minimum life cycle as its popularity changes frequently among the youngsters. BCG matrix is a model to

Biography Of Ogden Nash :: essays research papers

Biography of Ogden Nash Fredric Ogden Nash was an American humorist who lived from 1902 to 1971. He was born in 1902 in Rye, New York, where he grew up with well educated parents. Microsoft Encarta 95 said that his parents names were Edmund Strudwick Nash and Mattie Nash. During his childhood years, Nash was educated at several private schools. At these schools, he enjoyed writing his own comical and dramatic free verse poems. After graduating out of grammar school, Nash moved on to one of the best private high schools in the east: St. George's in Newport, Rhode Island. Moving on in his life, he enrolled at Harvard at the age of 18 (from 1920-1921). Contemporary American Poets stated that Nash then took a job in the editorial and publicity department at the Doubleday and Doran Publishing Company. He worked very hard at this position, moving up the "executive" ladder very quickly. In only 5 years of work, he became a well-known editor around the publishing business. Nash then realized that his name was known all over the publishing companies; and he started to compose works of free verse. Mindscape Complete Reference Library CD stated that 1931 was the greatest year of Nash's life. In June, he married Frances Rider Leonard of Baltimore, Maryland. Also in 1931, he published two books of free verse: "Hard Lines" and "Free Wheeling." Contemporary American Poets made an interesting statement on these first two books by Nash: "These two books show poetry of remarkable freedom of scansion (rhythm pattern) and uncoventional feelings of thoughts." Contemporary American Poets showed clearly that Nash "paved" the way for authors of free verse with absolutely no pattern. After working on other poetry books such as Happy Days (1933), The Bad Parent's Garden of Verse (1936), and I'm a Stranger Here Myself (1938), Nash retired from his job at Doubleday to focus all of his time on writing free verse. He went on to write many poems, all being free verse. Some were serious, but most of them were humorous. Other examples of his collections include: Good Intentions (1942), Versus (1949), Family Reunion (1950), Parents Keep Out (1951), The Moon Is Shining Bright as Day (1953), The Private Dining Room (1953), You Can't Get There from Here (1957), Everyone but Thee and Me (1962), Marriage Lines (1964), Cruise of the Aardvark (1967), There's Always Another Windmill (1968), and Bed Riddance (1968). Contemporary American Poets also said that Nash appeared in a dozen periodicals and in Hearst's New York Journal.

“Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd”

Assignment ON â€Å"Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd†. Submitted to: Chowdhury Sifat Kamal Course Instructor of Introduction to Business Department of Business Studies Prepared by: Fuad Mohammad Shah – UG01-22-09-007 Kawsar Ahmed – UG01-24-10-023 Md. Emdadul Hasan Santo – UG01-24-10-001 Bachelor of Business Administration Batch – 24, Section – A STATE UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH Date of Submission: 20th April , 2011 [pic] â€Å"Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. † [pic] Founder Late A. C. Abdur Rahim (1915-1982) Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited 01. Background Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited was established in 1950A.D. as a trading company. Late A. C. Abdur Rahim was the proprietor in this time. From 1954 it was established as a limited company. In the new environment he had to start afresh. He had little capital. His main assets were self-confidence and a strong faith in the Almighty, which carried him through all th e difficulties with a remarkable triumph. He finally established a small proprietary trading company named Rahimafrooz & Co, in Chittagong in 1950 which was later incorporated on 15th April 1954, which is now Rahimafrooz (Bangladesh) Ltd. Rahimafrooz expanded rapidly into various trading items. Within 5 years, Mr.Rahim was able to enter into a joint venture with Lucas (UK) to set up a modern automotive battery factory. He acquired the principal company Lucas Service Ltd in 1980 which is now known as Rahimafrooz Batteries Ltd. Apart from business, he engaged himself in benevolent activities. All through his life he was respected for his values and caring attitude. After a few years he left that job and ventured into a small partnership business. During early 1940s, he got active in commercial trading of scarce items and gained valuable experience. In 1947, he decided to move to Chittagong to live in an environment of religious freedom. pic] Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited was started in business agreement with world famous England battery company Lucas from 1959. Later on, they established an ultramodern battery production factory in Nakhalpara Tejgaon, Dhaka with the â€Å"Lucas† Brand name. Then from 1980 it got license from the England Lucas Company collaborating technological and information support. He passed away on the 14th March 1982 in London leaving behind his dream, Rahimafrooz. At present Rahimafrooz has been producing and marketing various kinds of batteries like automotive battery, storage battery etc. Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. lso has been marketing world famous tire â€Å"Dunlop†. Now Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd. is involved with various kinds of production distribution and agency ship business. 02. Vision â€Å"To be leader in each market segment by being the most preferred supply source of quality products and services with high degree of customer delight. † 03. Mission Statement 1. †¢ Increase volume & value share 2. †¢ Reduce per unit distribution cost 3. †¢ Increase product portfolio 4. †¢ Strength distribution network 5. †¢ Ensure quality people with high level commitment 6. †¢ Benchmark customer services. 04. Milestones |1954 |Incorporated by Mr. A. C.Abdur Rahim   | |1959 |Distributorship of Lucas Battery | |1978 |Exclusive distributorship of Dunlop tyre | |1980 |Acquisition of Bangladesh operations of Lucas UK | |1985 |First producer of industrial battery | |1985 |Pioneering Solar Power in collaboration with BP | |1992 |First ever battery exports to Singapore | |1993 |Launched Rahimafrooz Instant Power System | |1994 |Acquisition of Yuasa Batteries (Bangladesh) Ltd and launched Excel Retreads. |1997 |Attained ISO 9002 certification for RBL operations | |2000 |First India office opened in Ahmedabad | |2001 |Awarded â€Å"Bangladesh Enterprise of the Year† | |2001 |Attained ISO 14001:1996 for RBL operations | |2001 |Launched â€Å"Agora† â€⠀œ the first ever retail chain | |2002 |Launched Rahimafrooz Energy Service promoting distributed power | |2003 |Established Rahimafrooz CNG Ltd. |2003 |Awarded â€Å"National Export Trophy† | |2004 |Metro net Bangladesh, a fiber optic based digital solution provider for data  communication, launched  in joint | | |venture with Flora Telecom | |2004 |Received McGraw-Hill Platt Global Energy Award for Renewable Energy | |2004 |The Group celebrated its 50th anniversary on April 15, with a renewed, enhanced commitment to being successful | | |while upholding its core values | |2006 |Received the â€Å"Ashden Award† for Sustainable Energy | |2009 |Established Rahimafrooz Globatt Limited and Rahimafrooz Accumulators   limited | |2009 |Rahimafrooz   launched  multi  brand  consumer  electronics  outlet  UREKA   | |2009   |Rahimafrooz   launched world renowned consumer electronics brand  Daewoo | |2010 |Rahimafrooz Inaugurates its biggest and m ost modern warehouse at Hemayatpur, Savar. | 05. Product & Service Products: Rahimafrooz mainly deals with electronics products like (TV, FRIEDGE, IPS, BATTERY, TYRE, LUBRICANTS etc). The brands that Rahimafrooz launch are given below†¦ [pic] Service: Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd service center is situated in 13 Mahakhali commercial areas in Dhaka. Here the product of Rahimafrooz is sold and servicing also. Here the service is done in modern computerized system.The complaints are also solved and handle from here. [pic] 06. Organization chart [pic] 07. Awards & Achievements [pic]  Ã‚   [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] Asia's Best Brand  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Asia's Best Employer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C& FE,  CSR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CMO Award 2010  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     CMO Award 2010  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Award 2008 [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [pic]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [pic] Brand Leadership  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ashden Award  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   National Export Trophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Award 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Award 2006  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Award 2001-2002 08. Delivery Network The manufacturer and wholesaler must decide how to distribute their products. Working through the whole sellers, dealers or agents generally is easiest way of entering in the market.Whole sellers and dealers consider about cost and traffic flow, commission before keeping a product in the store. Location is less a concern for products or services that customers are willing to go out of their way to find. 08. 1: Dealers They are the authorized vendor who deals with the specific brand. (John M. Rathmell, Manager of the Marketing Function. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) 08. 2: Retailers Traditional: Home to home, general stores, single line stores, specialty shops, department stores, catalog retailers, planned shopping centers The Mass Marketers: Supermarkets and discount houses (John M . Rathmell, Managing the Marketing Function. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ) 08. 3: WholesalersDefinition: Wholesaling is concerned with the activities of those persons or establishments who sell to retailers and other merchants, or to industrial, institutional, and commercial users. But who do not sell in significant amounts to ultimate consumers. But in the tyre market, the wholesaler serves the purpose of the retailer at the same time. Functions from the producer perspective: provide part of selling Four strategies can be produced through the tows matrix. SO strategy represents internal strength to take advantage with the external environment. WO strategy represents the internal weakness and to overcome that weakness by the external opportunity. ST strategy represents the strength of the company and to over come that the threat by the strength.WT strategies are defensive tactics directed at reducing internal weakness and avoiding external threats. 09. Advertising & Promotion [pic] Rahi mafrooz Company limited carefully integrates and coordinates its many communications channels to deliver a clear, consistent, and convincing message about the organization and its products. [pic]Rahimafrooz is using all kinds of promotional afford including: †¢Print Media †¢Broadcast media †¢Outdoor Media †¢Internet & Websites Rahimafrooz is using huge promotional afford in print media. This is the biggest promotional afford of  the company. They are giving advertisement on the news paper, they are also publishing there own newsletter service through by them. [pic] [pic]Promotion, in its broadest sense, provides extra incentives for any group that is an important factor in the marketing of a brand. It is most often directed to the consumer or to the trade or other influential group. It is used to encourage sales or purchase a product. (Principal of marketing 8th edition Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong) 09. 1: TRADE SALES PROMOTION TECHNIQUES Push Policy emphasize s promotions focused on the next intermediary. Trade sales promotion techniques-stimulate wholesalers and retailers to carry products and to market them aggressively. Producers use sales promotion techniques to encourage resellers to carry their products and to promote them more effectively. 09. 2: TYPES OF SALES PROMOTIONSSamples (offer consumer for trail), Coupon (certificate that gives buyer savings), Cash refund (Refund money who send a proof of purchase), Price pack (Reduce price marked by producer), Patronage reward (reward for regular use), Discounts (direct reduction of price), Allowance (money offered to the seller to feature the manufactures product) (Principal of marketing 8th edition Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong) 09. 3: PREMIUM ITEMS OFFER Offer free or at minimum cost as a bonus. Use to attract competitors customers, different sizes of established products. Study identified from the net that Burger King with the Lion King movie was offered few years back in USA. 10. SW OT Analysis The SWOT analysis is a valuable step in your situational analysis.Assessing your firm’s strengths, weaknesses, market opportunities, and threats through a SWOT analysis is a very simple process that can offer powerful insight into the potential and critical issues affecting a venture. 10. 1: Strength o High company reputation. o Enable to provide much more customer satisfaction than competitors. o Higher product quality. o Provide higher service quality. o Distribution effectiveness is better than the others. o Strong management team enables to provide geographical coverage. o Able to launch a new product faster than the competitor o Financial position is much more stable than the other. 10. 2: Weakness o The major weakness of Rahimafrooz is the internal conflict of the management.Working sprit sometimes hampered by management conflict of the organization. o Though Rahimafrooz has a very good team for the marketing plan, but not all the people are experienced. o C ommunication barrier is the major weakness of the organization. o Expectation of the top management is very high. Sometimes they set very high target which is not achievable at all time. Sometimes it becomes burden for the employee. 10. 3: Opportunity o To get new customers after modification. o To provide more qualities in products. o Providing more benefit for products to increase more customer satisfaction. o Increasing the advertisement. o Increasing the distribution channel. Incentive for the employee who dose outstanding performance in their respective area. 10. 4: Threat o Major threat arises from the new entrants. o Many competitors in the electronic market. o Unethical competition. Such as, price cut, advertising, giving gift by the competitor may threaten position of Unilever. o Following the same strategy by the competitors. o Worsening law and order situation of the country. o Availability of the substitute product in the market. —————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ MANAGING DIRECTOR ACCOUNTS MANAGER REGIONAL MANAGER DISTRIBUTION MANAGER MARKETING MANAGER CHIEF OPERATION OFFICER PRODUCT MANAGER ADMIN MGR C & F MANAGER NI SYSTEM DIRET SALE RETAIL MGR